References

1. ^ ^a b Angus Martyn, The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September , Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002.
2. ^ Thalif Deen. POLITICS: U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism , Inter Press Service, 25 July 2005.
3. ^ Hoffman, Bruce "Inside Terrorism" Columbia University Press 1998 ISBN 0-231-11468-0. p. 32. See review in The New York Times Inside Terrorism .
4. ^ Record, Jeffrey (December 2003). "Bounding the Global War on Terrorism" . Strategic Studies Institute (SSI). Retrieved 2009-11-11. "The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited."
5. ^ Schmid, Alex, and Jongman, Albert. Political Terrorism: A new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature. Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland ; New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1988.
6. ^ ^a b c Geoffrey Nunberg (October 28, 2001). "Head Games / It All Started with Robespierre / "Terrorism": The history of a very frightening word" . San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "For the next 150 years the word "terrorism" led a double life – a justifiable political strategy to some an abomination to others"
7. ^ Elysa Gardner (2008-12-25). "Harold Pinter: Theater's singular voice falls silent" . USA Today. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "In 2004, he earned the prestigious Wilfred Owen prize for a series of poems opposing the war in Iraq. In his acceptance speech, Pinter described the war as "a bandit act, an act of blatant state terrorism, demonstrating absolute contempt for the concept of international law.""
8. ^ "Terrorism" . Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 3. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
9. ^ Ruby, Charles L. (2002). "The Definition of Terrorism"  (PDF). Retrieved 2010-02-22.
10. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" . Etymonline.com. 1979-10-20. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
11. ^ Kim Campbell (September 27, 2001). "When is 'terrorist' a subjective term?" . Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "New York Times columnist William Safire wrote that the word "terrorist" has its roots in the Latin terrere, which means "to frighten.""
12. ^ Kim Campbell (September 27, 2001). "When is 'terrorist' a subjective term?" . Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "The French were the first to coin the term, he says."
13. ^ Geoffrey Nunberg (October 28, 2001). "Head Games / It All Started with Robespierre / "Terrorism": The history of a very frightening word" . San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "In 1792 the Jacobins came to power in France and initiated what we call the Reign of Terror and what the French call simply La Terreur."
14. ^ Robert Mackey (November 20, 2009). "Can Soldiers Be Victims of Terrorism?" . The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Terrorism is the deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, in order to spread fear through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders."
15. ^ Jeremy Lott (December 5, 2001). "Suicide Blunderers: Terrorists kill selves, blame Jews." . Reason Magazine. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "The World Trade Center and Pentagon bombings were an unthinkable masterstroke, producing a media spectacle that rocked the world."
16. ^ ^a b Crenshaw, Martha, Terrorism in Context, p. 77.
17. ^ "UN Reform" . United Nations. 2005-03-21. Archived from the original  on 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2008-07-11. "The second part of the report, entitled "Freedom from Fear backs the definition of terrorism–an issue so divisive agreement on it has long eluded the world community–as any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act""
18. ^ Hoffman (1998), p. 32, See review in The New York Times Inside Terrorism .
19. ^ Diaz-Paniagua (2008), p. 47.
20. ^ 1994 United Nations Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism annex to UN General Assembly resolution 49/60 ,"Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism," of December 9, 1994, UN Doc. A/Res/60/49 .
21. ^ Bruce Hoffman, Inside terrorism, 2 ed., Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 34.
22. ^ Bruce Hoffman, Inside terrorism, 2 ed., Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 41.
23. ^ Bockstette, Carsten (2008). "Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication Management Techniques"  (PDF). George C. Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series (20). ISSN 1863-6039 . Retrieved 2009-01-01.
24. ^ Ronald Bailey (February 6, 2009). "Earth Liberation Front Terrorist Gets 22 Years in Prison for Anti-Biotech Arson" . Reason Magazine. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Marie Mason decided to "elevate her grievances beyond the norms of civilized society" through fire and destruction, U.S. District Judge Paul Maloney said. The case _ which was prosecuted as domestic terrorism ..."
25. ^ Daniel Schorn (June 18, 2006). "Ed Bradley Reports On Extremists Now Deemed Biggest Domestic Terror Threat" . 60 Minutes. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "The biggest act of eco-terrorism in U.S. history was a fire ... Animal Liberation Front, whose masked members have been known to videotape themselves breaking into research labs, ..."
26. ^ Bruce Hoffman (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism" . The Atlantic. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "...terrorism is meant to produce psychological effects that reach far beyond the immediate victims of the attack."
27. ^ Rick Hampson (2009-07-06). "Statue of Liberty gets her view back" . USA Today. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "On Saturday, the statue, closed above its base since the terror attacks, will reopen to visitors — a relative few, in small groups, specially ticketed, carefully screened and escorted by a park ranger."
28. ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press. pp. 125–135.
29. ^ Style="Border-Top;">Source, <Div (June 12, 2009). "Number of Terrorist Attacks, Fatalities" . Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "The nation's deadliest terrorist acts – attacks designed to achieve a political goal"
30. ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press.
31. ^ Alexander Stille (May 31, 2003). "Historians Trace an Unholy Alliance; Religion as the Root Of Nationalist Feeling" . The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Now the context in which we see nationalism has completely changed, he said. Faced with the threat of Islamic fundamentalism, the West is more open to looking at the role of religion in the formation of nationalism."
32. ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press. pp. 127–128.
33. ^ "Terrorism in the United States 1999"  (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original  on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
34. ^ "/Iraq accuses US of state terrorism" . BBC News. 2002-02-20. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Iraq has accused the United States of state terrorism amid signs that the war of words between the two countries is heating up."
35. ^ "AskOxford Search Results – terrorist" . AskOxford. AskOxford. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
36. ^ "Cambridge International Dictionary of English" . Dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
37. ^ "Dictionary.com" . Dictionary.reference.com. 1979-10-20. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
38. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" . Etymonline.com. 1979-10-20. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
39. ^ Khan, Ali (1987). "A Theory of International Terrorism"  (PDF). Social Science Research Network. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
40. ^ Barak Mendelsohn (2005-01). "Sovereignty under attack: the international society meets the Al Qaeda network (abstract)" . Cambridge Journals. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "This article examines the complex relations between a violent non-state actor, the Al Qaeda network, and order in the international system. Al Qaeda poses a challenge to the sovereignty of specific states but it also challenges the international society as a whole."
41. ^ Bob Thompson (May 1, 2005). "Hollywood on Crusade" . Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "... terrorism. He was widely chastised for using a word that carries major negative connotations ..."
42. ^ B'Tselem  Head of ISA defines a terrorist as any Palestinian killed by Israel.
43. ^ ^a b Paul Reynolds, quoting David Hannay, Former UK ambassador (14 September 2005). "UN staggers on road to reform" . BBC News. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "This would end the argument that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter..."
44. ^ ^a b Rodin, David (2006). Terrorism. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge.
45. ^ Peter Steinfels (March 1, 2003). "Beliefs; The just-war tradition, its last-resort criterion and the debate on an invasion of Iraq." . The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "For those like Professor Walzer who value the just-war tradition as a disciplined way to think about the morality of war..."
46. ^ Bruce Hoffman (1998). "Inside Terrorism". Columbia University Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-231-11468-0. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Google cached copy"
47. ^ Bruce Hoffman (1998). "Inside Terrorism" . The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
48. ^ Raymond Bonner (November 1, 1998). "Getting Attention: A scholar's historical and political survey of terrorism finds that it works." . The New York Times: Books. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Inside Terrorism falls into the category of must read, at least for anyone who wants to understand how we can respond to international acts of terror."
49. ^ Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army  Britannica Concise.
50. ^ Dr Chris Clark "Malayan Emergency, 16 June 1948" . Archived from the original  on 2007-06-08., 16 June 2003.
51. ^ Ronald Reagan, speech to National Conservative Political Action Conference  8 March 1985. On the Spartacus Educational web site.
52. ^ "President Meets with Afghan Interim Authority Chairman" . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2002-01-29. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
53. ^ President Discusses Progress in War on Terrorism to National Guard  White House web site February 9, 2006.
54. ^ Sudha Ramachandran Death behind the wheel in Iraq  Asian Times, November 12, 2004, "Insurgent groups that use suicide attacks therefore do not like their attacks to be described as suicide terrorism. They prefer to use terms like "martyrdom ..."
55. ^ Alex Perry How Much to Tip the Terrorist?  Time Magazine, September 26, 2005. "The Tamil Tigers would dispute that tag, of course. Like other guerrillas and suicide bombers, they prefer the term “freedom fighters.”
56. ^ Terrorism: concepts, causes, and conflict resolution  George Mason University Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, Printed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, January 2003.
57. ^ Humphreys, Adrian. "One official's 'refugee' is another's 'terrorist'" , National Post, January 17, 2006.
58. ^ Theodore P. Seto The Morality of Terrorism  Includes a list in the Times published on July 23, 1946 which were described as Jewish terrorist actions, including those launched by Irgun which Begin was a leading member.
59. ^ BBC News: Profiles: Menachem Begin  BBC website "Under Begin's command, the underground terrorist group Irgun carried out numerous acts of violence."
60. ^ Eqbal Ahmad "Straight talk on terrorism " Monthly Review, January, 2002. "including Menachem Begin, appearing in "Wanted" posters saying, "Terrorists, reward this much." The highest reward I have seen offered was 100,000 British pounds for the head of Menachem Begin".
61. ^ Lord Desai Hansard, House of Lords  3 September 1998 : Column 72, "However, Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela and Menachem Begin—to give just three examples—were all denounced as terrorists but all proved to be successful political leaders of their countries and good friends of the United Kingdom."
62. ^ BBC NEWS:World: Americas: UN reforms receive mixed response  BBC website "Of all groups active in recent times, the ANC perhaps represents best the traditional dichotomous view of armed struggle. Once regarded by western governments as a terrorist group, it now forms the legitimate, elected government of South Africa, with Nelson Mandela one of the world's genuinely iconic figures."
63. ^ BBC NEWS: World: Africa: Profile: Nelson Mandela  BBC website "Nelson Mandela remains one of the world's most revered statesman".
64. ^ "Hunt WikiLeaks founder like al-Qaeda and Taliban Leaders" . The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
65. ^ "Julian Assange like a hi-tech terrorist" . The Guardian. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
66. ^ "Quinn v. Robinson, 783 F2d. 776 (9th Cir. 1986)" . web site of the United Settlement . Retrieved 23 November 2010.
67. ^ Zachary E. McCabe (25 August 2003). "Northern Ireland: The paramilitaries, Terrorism, and September 11th" . Queen's University Belfast School of Law. p. 17. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved WayBackMachine  Dec 01 2007.
68. ^ "Guardian Unlimited style guide" . The Guardian (London). 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
69. ^ "BBC Editorial Guidelines on Language when Reporting Terrorism" . BBC. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
70. ^ Disorders and Terrorism, National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (Washington D.C.:1976).
71. ^ "13 Beagles Stolen From Researchers" . The New York Times. February 2, 1988. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Animal-rights proponents have removed 13 beagles used for medical research ... A campus spokeswoman, Kathy Jones, called the theft a quasi-terrorist act."
72. ^ "TE-SAT 2011 EU TERRORISM SITUATION AND TREND REPORT" . Europol. 2011.
73. ^ "TE-SAT 2010 EU TERRORISM SITUATION AND TREND REPORT" . Europol. 2010.
74. ^ "TE-SAT 2009 EU TERRORISM SITUATION AND TREND REPORT" . Europol. 2009.
75. ^ Hudson, Rex A. Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why: The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists, Federal Research Division, The Lyons Press, 2002.
76. ^ Barry Scheider, Jim Davis, Avoiding the abyss: progress, shortfalls and the way ahaed in combatting the WMD threat, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009 p. 60.
77. ^ Terrorism and homeland security: an introduction with applications, by Philip P. Purpura, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, ISBN 0750678437, p. 16 
78. ^ ^a b Abrahms, Max (March 2008). "What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Counterterrorism Strategy"  (PDF 1933 KB). International Security (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) 32(4): 86–89. ISSN 0162-2889 . Retrieved 2008-11-04.
79. ^ "Freedom squelches terrorist violence: Harvard Gazette Archives" .
80. ^ "Freedom squelches terrorist violence: Harvard Gazette Archives"  (PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-28.
81. ^ "Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism"  (PDF). 2004. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
82. ^ "Unemployment, Inequality and Terrorism: Another Look at the Relationship between Economics and Terrorism"  (PDF). 2005. Archived from the original  on August 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
83. ^ Bruce Hoffman (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism" . The Atlantic. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "The terrorists appear to be deliberately homing in on the few remaining places where Israelis thought they could socialize in peace."
84. ^ Pape, Robert A. "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism," American Political Science Review, 2003. 97 (3): pp. 1–19.
85. ^ "Basque Terrorist Group Marks 50th Anniversary with New Attacks" . Time Magazine. July 31, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Europe's longest-enduring terrorist group. This week, ETA (the initials stand for Basque Homeland and Freedom in Euskera, the Basque language)"
86. ^ Romero, Simon (March 18, 2009). "Shining Path" . The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "The Shining Path, a faction of Peruvian militants, has resurfaced in the remote corners of the Andes. The war against the group, which took nearly 70,000 lives, supposedly ended in 2000. ... In the 1980s, the rebels were infamous for atrocities like planting bombs on donkeys in crowded markets, assassinations and other terrorist tactics."
87. ^ "1983: Car bomb in South Africa kills 16" . BBC. 2005-05-20. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "The outlawed anti-apartheid group the African National Congress has been blamed for the attack ... He said the explosion was the "biggest and ugliest" terrorist incident since anti-government violence began in South Africa 20 years ago."
88. ^ Rick Young (May 16, 2007). "PBS Frontline: 'Spying on the Home Front'" . PBS: Frontline. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "... we and Frontline felt that it was important to look more comprehensively at the post-9/11 shift to prevention and the dilemma we all now face in balancing security and privacy."
89. ^ Jordy Yager, "Former intel chief: Homegrown terrorism is a ‘devil of a problem,’" The Hill. July 25, 2010. Available on-line: http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/110759-former-intel-chief-homegrown-terrorism-is-a-devil-of-a-problem .
90. ^ shabad, goldie and francisco jose llera ramo. "Political Violence in a Democratic State," Terrorism in Context. Ed. Martha Crenshaw. University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1995. pp. 467.
91. ^ Peter Rose (August 28, 2003). "Disciples of religious terrorism share one faith" . Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Almost everyone Stern interviewed said they were doing God's will, defending the faithful against the lies and evil deeds of their enemies. Such testimonials, she suggests, "often mask a deeper kind of angst and a deeper kind of fear – fear of a godless universe, of chaos, of loose rules, and of loneliness.""
92. ^ Sageman, Mark (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: U. of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 166–67. ISBN 978-0812238082.
93. ^ Williams, Phil (2008). "Violent Non-State Actors and National and International Security" . Retrieved 2009-02-14.^{[dead link]}
94. ^ Steven D. Levitt; Stephen J. Dubner (2009). Superfreakonomics: global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance. William Morrow. pp. 62, 231.ISBN 9780060889579. citing Alan B. Krueger, What Makes a Terrorist (Princeton University Press 2007); Claude Berrebi, "Evidence About the Link Between Education, Poverty, and Terrorism among Palestinians," Princeton University Industrial Relations Section Working paper, 2003 and Krueger and Jita Maleckova, "Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 no. 4 (Fall 2003 / 63.
95. ^ Sean Coughlan (21 August 2006). "Fear of the unknown" . BBC News. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "A passenger on the flight, Heath Schofield, explained the suspicions: "It was a return holiday flight, full of people in flip-flops and shorts. There were just two people in the whole crowd who looked like they didn't belong there.""
96. ^ ^a b Library of Congress  – Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism.
97. ^ Endgame: Resistance, by Derrick Jensen, Seven Stories Press, 2006, ISBN 158322730X, p. IX.
98. ^ "Pds Sso" . Eprints.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
99. ^ "Addressing Security Council, Secretary-General Calls On Counter-Terrorism Committee To Develop Long-Term Strategy To Defeat Terror" . Un.org. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
100. ^ Lind, Michael (2005-05-02). "The Legal Debate is Over: Terrorism is a War Crime | The New America Foundation" . Newamerica.net. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
101. ^ "Press conference with Kofi Annan & FM Kamal Kharrazi" . Un.org. 2002-01-26. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
102. ^ Michael Stohl (April 1, 1984). "The Superpowers and International Terror". International Studies Association, Atlanta.
103. ^ ^a b Michael Stohl (1988). "Terrible beyond Endurance? The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism". International Studies Association, Atlanta.
104. ^ Michael Slackman (March 22, 2009). "New Status in Africa Empowers an Ever-Eccentric Qaddafi" . The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Once vilified for promoting state terrorism, Colonel Qaddafi is now courted."
105. ^ "The "No Rent" Manifesto.; Text Of The Document Issued By The Land Leag... – Article Preview – The" . New York Times. 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
106. ^ Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski,Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7
107. ^ Kisangani, E.; Nafziger, E. Wayne (2007). "The Political Economy Of State Terror"  (PDF).Defence and Peace Economics 18 (5): 405–414. doi:10.1080/10242690701455433 . Retrieved 2008-04-02.
108. ^ Death by Government By R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994. Online links: [1]  [2]  [3] 
109. ^ No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? ^{[dead link]}, Barbara Harff, 2003.
110. ^ ^a b c d Detection of Terrorist Financing , U.S. National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), 2002.
111. ^ Jeremy Lott (October 6, 2004). "Tripped Up" . Reason Magazine. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "and before the Soviet Union fell, terrorist organizations were funding themselves through subsidies from Communist governments"
112. ^ "Aims and activities of the Stern Group in Palestine". Research and Analysis Branch (Washington: National Archives) 2717 (R & N). 1944-12-1.
113. ^ "Terrorist Financing" . The Financial Action Task Force. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
114. ^ "Hackers warn high street chains" . BBC News. 25 April 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "That's the beauty of asymmetric warfare. You don't need a lot of money, or an army of people."
115. ^ Suicide bombings are the most effective terrorist act in this regard. See the following works:
     • Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism" . Atlantic Monthly 291 (5): pp. 40–47.
     • Pape, Robert A.. "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism"  (reprint). American Political Science Review 97 (3): 343–361.
     • Ricolfi, Luca (2005). "Palestinians 1981–2003". In Gambetta, Diego. Making Sense of Suicide Missions (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 76–130. ISBN 9780199276998.
     Cited in Richardson, Louise (2006). What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Terrorist Threat. London, UK: John Murray. p. 33. ISBN 0719563062.
116. ^ "A hidden world, growing beyond control ". The Washington Post. July 19, 2010.
117. ^ The Media and Terrorism: A Reassessment Paul Wilkinson. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol.9, No.2 (Summer 1997), pp.51–64 Published by Frank Cass, London.
118. ^ "Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee" . Retrieved 2009-06-17.
119. ^ Pastor, James F. (2009). Terrorism & Public Safety Policing: Implications of the Obama Presidency. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-4398-1580-9.
120. ^ his blog William Gibson's blog , October 31, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
121. ^ Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. p. 83
122. ^ Chaliand, Gerard. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.56
123. ^ Chaliand, Gerard. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.68